{"id":2902,"date":"2011-01-09T14:31:56","date_gmt":"2011-01-09T06:31:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lex.idv.tw\/?p=2902"},"modified":"2012-03-29T11:05:22","modified_gmt":"2012-03-29T03:05:22","slug":"%e5%8f%8d%e8%b3%87%e6%ba%90%e5%85%b1%e4%ba%ab%e7%9a%84%e6%82%b2%e5%8a%87%e8%88%87%e3%80%8a%e5%83%b5%e5%b1%80%e7%b6%93%e6%bf%9f%e3%80%8b","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lex.idv.tw\/?p=2902","title":{"rendered":"\u53cd\u8cc7\u6e90\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u60b2\u5287\u8207\u300a\u50f5\u5c40\u7d93\u6fdf\u300b"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u8cc7\u6e90\u8207\u6b0a\u5229\u4e4b\u79c1\u6709\u5316\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u6709\u52a9\u5275\u9020\u8ca1\u5bcc\u3002\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u6709\u5f62\u8ca1\u7522\u3001\u8cc7\u6e90\u6216\u667a\u6167\u8ca1\u7522\u6b0a\uff0c\u7576\u5176\u6b0a\u5229\u5206\u6563\u5728\u592a\u591a\u4eba\u624b\u4e0a\u6642\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u8b93\u4eba\u7121\u6cd5\u5145\u5206\u5229\u7528\u8cc7\u6e90\u8207\u884c\u4f7f\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u5408\u4f5c\u7a92\u7919\u96e3\u884c\uff0c\u8ca1\u5bcc\u7121\u5f9e\u7522\u751f\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u7522\u751f\u5404\u7a2e\u50f5\u5c40(gridlock)\u3002\u50f5\u5c40\u7834\u58de\u5e02\u5834\u3001\u59a8\u7919\u5275\u65b0\uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u53cd\u8cc7\u6e90\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u60b2\u5287(tragedy of the anticommons)\u3002\u6253\u7834\u50f5\u5c40\u7684\u95dc\u9375\uff0c\u5728\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u601d\u8003\u51fa\u7ba1\u7406\u5927\u5bb6\u8a8d\u70ba\u6700\u73cd\u8cb4\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\u6700\u9069\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<!--more-->\n<table border=\"0\"><tbody><tr><td><a href=\"http:\/\/www.books.com.tw\/exep\/assp.php\/lexzhang\/exep\/prod\/booksfile.php?item=0010483838\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"\u50f5\u5c40\u7d93\u6fdf\" src=\"https:\/\/www.lex.idv.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/01\/book2902.jpg\"><\/a><\/td>\n<td>\n<div style=\"line-height: 1.2em\">\n<h3><a title=\"\u524d\u5f80\u535a\u5ba2\u4f86\u7db2\u8def\u66f8\u5e97\" href=\"http:\/\/www.books.com.tw\/exep\/assp.php\/lexzhang\/exep\/prod\/booksfile.php?item=0010483838\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><span style=\"color: #008000\">\u50f5\u5c40\u7d93\u6fdf<\/span><\/a><\/h3>\n<\/div>\nThe Gridlock Economy\uff1aHow Too Much Ownership Wrecks Markets, Stops Innovation, and Costs Lives (2008)\n\n\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aMichael Heller\uff0c\u8b6f\u8005\uff1a\u8a31\u745e\u5b8b\n\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff1a\u7e41\u661f\u591a\u5a92\u9ad4\n\u51fa\u7248\u65e5\u671f\uff1a2010\u5e7411\u6708<\/td>\n<\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>\u300a\u50f5\u5c40\u7d93\u6fdf\u300b\u7684\u539f\u6587\u4f5c\u8005Michael Heller\uff0c\u662f\u7f8e\u570b\u54e5\u502b\u6bd4\u4e9e\u5927\u5b78\u6cd5\u5b78\u9662\u4e0d\u52d5\u7522\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8b1b\u5ea7\u6559\u6388\u3002\u4ed6\u5275\u9020\u4e86 &#8220;tragedy of the anticommons&#8221;\u4e00\u8a5e\uff0c\u7528\u4f86\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u7576\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u5206\u6563\u5728\u592a\u591a\u4eba\u624b\u4e0a\u6642\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u6709\u4eba\u4e0d\u914d\u5408\uff0c\u5c31\u7121\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7528\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\u50f5\u5c40\u8207\u60b2\u5287\u3002\u66f8\u4e2d\u7ffb\u8b6f\u70ba&#8221;\u53cd\u516c\u5730\u60b2\u5287&#8221;\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u8b6f\u70ba&#8221;\u53cd\u5171\u6709\u8cc7\u6e90\u60b2\u5287&#8221;\uff0c\u4f46\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u5145\u5206\u8868\u9054\u5176\u6db5\u7fa9\u3002\u6211\u500b\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6210\u300c<strong>\u53cd\u8cc7\u6e90\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u60b2\u5287<\/strong>\u300d\uff0c\u6700\u70ba\u6070\u7576\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4f86\u4e86\u89e3\u50f5\u5c40\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: blue\">\u4f7f\u7528\u904e\u5ea6<\/span>\uff1a\u7121\u4e3b\u6216\u516c\u6709\u8cc7\u6e90\uff0c\u6703\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u4eba\u53bb\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u904e\u5ea6\u4f7f\u7528\u6216\u662f\u6feb\u7528\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u516c\u6709\u6c34\u57df\u6703\u9020\u6210\u6f01\u7372\u904e\u5ea6\u6355\u6488\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u6f01\u7372\u91cf\u67af\u7aed\u3002\u9019\u662f &#8220;tragedy of the commons&#8221; \uff08\u516c\u5730\u60b2\u5287\uff0c\u6211\u5247\u8b6f\u70ba\u300c\u8cc7\u6e90\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u60b2\u5287\u300d\uff09\u3002\u89e3\u6c7a\u4e4b\u9053\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u79c1\u6709\u5316\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u79c1\u6709\u7684\u696d\u4e3b\u6703\u6709\u610f\u9858\u9069\u5ea6\u7ba1\u7406\u8207\u4f7f\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u3002<\/li>\n\n<li><span style=\"color: blue\">\u6700\u9069\u4f7f\u7528<\/span><\/li>\n\n<li><span style=\"color: red\"><strong>\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u8db3<\/strong><\/span>\uff1a\u7576\u904e\u5ea6\u5c07\u7522\u696d\u79c1\u6709\u5316\u6642\uff0c\u9020\u6210<span style=\"color: red\"><strong>\u7522\u6b0a\u904e\u5ea6\u5206\u6563<\/strong><\/span>\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4f4d\u696d\u4e3b\u5747\u53ef\u963b\u6b62\u4ed6\u4eba\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u8cc7\u6e90\u7121\u6cd5\u88ab\u5145\u5206\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u7522\u6b0a\u50f5\u5c40\u3002\u9019\u5c31\u662f &#8220;tragedy of the anticommons&#8221;\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: blue\"><strong>\u66ff\u4ee3\u6027\u8207\u4e92\u88dc\u6027<\/strong><\/span>\uff1a\u53c8\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u591a\u9805\u8cc7\u6e90\uff0c\u82e5\u5177\u6709\u66ff\u4ee3\u6027\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7532\u5730\u5230\u4e59\u5730\u6709\u4e09\u5bb6\u5ba2\u904b\u7af6\u722d\uff0c\u5247\u7af6\u722d\u8005\u6703\u6709\u9769\u65b0\u8207\u8207\u964d\u50f9\u7684\u8a98\u56e0\uff0c\u6574\u9ad4\u793e\u6703\u90fd\u6703\u53d7\u76ca\u3002\u82e5\u662f\u5177\u6709\u4e92\u88dc\u6027\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7532\u5730\u5230\u4e59\u5730\u6709\u4e09\u6bb5\u8def\u7a0b\uff0c\u5206\u5225\u7531\u4e09\u5bb6\u5ba2\u904b\u5360\u6709\u524d\u4e2d\u5f8c\u5404\u4e00\u6bb5\uff0c\u5247\u7121\u9769\u65b0\u8207\u8207\u964d\u50f9\u7684\u8a98\u56e0\uff1b\u6b64\u6642\uff0c\u5408\u4f75\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u793e\u6703\u53cd\u800c\u5f97\u5230\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u798f\u7949\uff0c\u7368\u5360\u53cd\u800c\u52dd\u904e\u7af6\u722d\u3002\u5728\u4e92\u88dc\u54c1\u4e3b\u5c0e\u7684\u5e02\u5834\u4e2d\uff0c\u592a\u591a\u9700\u8981\u5354\u8abf\u7684\u696d\u4e3b\u963b\u7919\u4e86\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\u6700\u9069\u904b\u7528\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u53cd\u8cc7\u6e90\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u60b2\u5287\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u91d8\u5b50\u6236\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u53cd\u8cc7\u6e90\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u60b2\u5287\u3002\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u91d8\u5b50\u6236\uff0c\u5c31\u662f2007\u5e74\u4e2d\u570b\u91cd\u6176\u694a\u5bb6\u576a\u62c6\u9077\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u91d8\u5b50\u6236\u3002<\/p>\n\n<table><tbody><tr><td><a title=\"2007\u5e74\u4e2d\u570b\u91cd\u6176\u694a\u5bb6\u576a\u62c6\u9077\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u91d8\u5b50\u6236\" href=\"http:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/zh-tw\/2007%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%8D%E5%BA%86%E6%9D%A8%E5%AE%B6%E5%9D%AA%E6%8B%86%E8%BF%81%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7a\/Chongqing_yangjiaping_2007.jpg\" alt=\"\u5716\u7247\u4f86\u6e90\uff1a\u7dad\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\"><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr><tr><td><small>\u5716\u7247\u4f86\u6e90\uff1a\u7dad\u57fa\u767e\u79d1<\/small><\/td>\n<\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>\u9020\u6210\u53cd\u8cc7\u6e90\u5171\u4eab\u60b2\u5287\u7684\u7522\u6b0a\u50f5\u5c40\uff0c\u5728\u571f\u5730\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u91d8\u5b50\u6236\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u96f6\u788e\u5730\uff08\u4e00\u7247\u571f\u5730\u56e0\u7e7c\u627f\u7b49\u539f\u56e0\u5206\u5272\u6210\u773e\u591a\u5c0f\u571f\u5730\uff09\u3001\u9999\u8549\u5171\u548c\u570b\uff08\u592a\u591a\u4e92\u6709\u91cd\u758a\u5206\u6563\u7684\u76e3\u7ba1\u4f7f\u5f97\u65b0\u958b\u767c\u9805\u76ee\u6975\u96e3\u5c55\u958b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7533\u8acb\u4e00\u500b\u57f7\u7167\u8981\u773e\u591a\u6a5f\u95dc\u6838\u51c6\u3001\u6216\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u6211\u5bb6\u9644\u8fd1\u84cb\u5e73\u50f9\u4f4f\u5b85\u7684\u5f8c\u9662\u514d\u8ac7\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff09\u7b49\u73fe\u8c61\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u85e5\u54c1\u5c08\u5229\u3001\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u7121\u7dda\u96fb\u8a0a\u983b\u8b5c\u3001\u4fc4\u570b\u7684\u5546\u7528\u4e0d\u52d5\u7522\u8207\u96c6\u9ad4\u4f4f\u5b85\u7684\u79c1\u6709\u5316\uff0c\u90fd\u6703\u9020\u6210\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u7522\u6b0a\u50f5\u5c40\u3002\u5728\u672c\u66f8\u4e2d\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u8a73\u7d30\u7684\u5206\u6790\u8207\u8aaa\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u50f5\u5c40\u7121\u6240\u4e0d\u5728\uff0c\u8981\u5982\u4f55\u6253\u7834\u50f5\u5c40\uff1f<\/strong>Michael Heller \u63d0\u5230\u4e0b\u5217\u6b65\u9a5f\u8207\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\uff1a\u8fa8\u8b58\u50f5\u5c40\uff0c\u70ba\u5176\u547d\u540d\u3002<\/strong>\u5c24\u5176\u6ce8\u610f\u67d0\u500b\u5e02\u5834\u5728\u4ed6\u5730\u6bd4\u672c\u5730\u904b\u4f5c\u7684\u66f4\u597d\u6642\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u610f\u5473\u8457\u672c\u5730\u5e02\u5834\u96b1\u85cf\u8457\u50f5\u5c40\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b65\uff1a\u89e3\u958b\u50f5\u5c40\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol><li>\u9810\u9632\uff1a\n<ul type=\"disc\"><li>\u76e3\u5bdf<\/li>\n\n<li>\u75ab\u82d7\uff1a\u884c\u653f\u4f5c\u696d\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u767c\u63ee\u5982\u540c\u6ce8\u5c04\u75ab\u82d7\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n\n<li>\u53ca\u65e9\u9694\u96e2\u3001\u51cd\u7d50\u7522\u751f\u554f\u984c\u7684\u50f5\u5c40\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/li>\n\n<li>\u6cbb\u7642\uff1a\n<ul type=\"disc\"><li>\u8abf\u6574\u65e2\u6709\u6cd5\u898f\u3002\u85c9\u4ee5\u6539\u8b8a\u56f0\u65bc\u50f5\u5c40\u4e2d\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3002<\/li>\n\n<li>\u5275\u9020\u7522\u6b0a\u96c6\u5408\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u8b93\u5e02\u5834\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u64c1\u6709\u514b\u670d\u50f5\u5c40\u6240\u9700\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u4e26\u4fdd\u8b77\u500b\u5225\u696d\u4e3b\u514d\u53d7\u5176\u5bb3\u3002<\/li>\n\n<li>\u6539\u540d\u3002<\/li>\n\n<li>\u63a1\u53d6\u65b7\u7136\u624b\u6bb5\uff1a\u653f\u5e9c\u53d6\u6d88\u65e2\u6709\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u5b89\u6392\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u6700\u5f8c\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5f37\u5236\u5fb5\u7528\u3001\u653e\u5bec\u8457\u4f5c\u6b0a\u4e4b\u5408\u7406\u4f7f\u7528\u7bc4\u570d\uff0c\u4ee5\u89e3\u6c7a\u5c11\u6578\u66b4\u653f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/li>\n\n<li>\u53e6\u985e\u7642\u6cd5\uff1a\u53ef\u505a\u70ba\u5176\u4ed6\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u8f14\u52a9\u624b\u6bb5\n<ul type=\"disc\"><li>\u9592\u8a71\u8207\u7f9e\u8fb1\uff1a\u7f9e\u8fb1\u9055\u898f\u8005\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u5019\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u529b\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3002<\/li>\n\n<li>\u81ea\u9858\u5354\u8b70\u3002<\/li>\n\n<li>\u6148\u5584\uff1a\u7531\u516c\u76ca\u5718\u9ad4\u4ecb\u5165\u5354\u8abf\u3001\u6216\u6536\u96c6\u5206\u6563\u7522\u6b0a\uff0c\u4f5c\u6210\u5354\u8b70\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u5c0d\u65bc\u91d8\u5b50\u6236\u50f5\u5c40\uff0cMichael Heller\u8a8d\u70ba<span style=\"color: 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